Despite worldwide occurrence hemocytometer counting and high level of incidence, there are no drug t

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1 Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.virologyj.com/content/6/1/196 Received: 18 September 2009 Accepted: 10 November 2009 Published: 10 November 2009
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Human Noroviruses are the predominant cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis hemocytometer counting worldwide. To facilitate hemocytometer counting prevention and control, a norovirus isolated from mice can provide a model to understand human noroviruses. To establish optimal viral infectivity conditions for murine noroviruses, several cell lines of hematopoietic lineage, including murine BV-2, RAW 264.7, and TIB, as well as human CHME-5, were tested hemocytometer counting comparatively for their sensitivity to murine norovirus-1. Results
Except for CHME-5, all three murine-derived cell lines were susceptible to MNV infection. Viral infection of these cells was confirmed by RT-PCR. Using both viral plaque and replication assays, BV-2 and RAW 264.7 cells were determined to have comparable sensitivities to MNV-1 infection. Comparisons of cell growth characteristics, general laboratory handling and potential in-field applications suggest the use of BV-2 to be more advantageous. Conclusion
Results obtained from these studies demonstrate that an immortalized microglial cell line can support MNV-1 replication and provides a more efficient method to detect and study murine noroviruses, facilitating future investigations using MNV-1 as a model to study, detect, and control Human Norovirus. Background
Noroviruses belong to the family Caliciviridae and are a group of small, icosahedral, non-enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses [ 1 - 6 ]. Most norovirus genomes range from 7.7-7.9 KB and contain three highly hemocytometer counting conserved open reading frames (ORF) [ 3 ]. Human Norovirus (HNV) strains are the predominant cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide and are primarily transmitted through hemocytometer counting the fecal-oral route, usually by the consumption of contaminated food or water [ 1 - 3 , 7 - 12 ].
Despite worldwide occurrence hemocytometer counting and high level of incidence, there are no drug treatments or vaccines available to date. In fact, little is known about human norovirus biology due to the lack of a cell culture system or small-animal model for use in studies [ 7 , 9 , 13 - 16 ]. To facilitate the prevention and control of this human pathogen, a norovirus isolated from murine animals is currently considered as a model to understand human norovirus replication, life cycle, pathogenesis, and host immune response [ 7 , 14 ]. Recent studies have demonstrated hemocytometer counting that MNV-1 and human norovirus share many biochemical and genetic characteristics, including their genome, genomic organization and function, virion size (28 to 35 nm in diameter), shape, and buoyant density [ 16 ], induced symptoms hemocytometer counting [ 16 ], and transmission in nature, primarily via the fecal-oral route [ 16 ]. In particular, hemocytometer counting murine norovirus is known to be the only isolate among the five noroviral genogroups to replicate in cell culture and in small animals (mice), hemocytometer counting making it an excellent candidate as an experimental model for human norovirus [ 7 , 14 , 16 ].
The MNV-1 model has already provided some insights into norovirus biology. It was discovered that noroviruses possess a tropism for macrophages and dendritic cells during replication [ 7 , 16 ]. Wobus et al. (2004) showed that MNV-1 replicates readily in cell lines with a hematopoietic lineage, including the RAW 264.7 cell line, as well as in primary bone-marrow derived hemocytometer counting macrophages and dendritic cells. While it has been shown that other macrophage and dendritic cell lines, including hemocytometer counting IC21, P388D1, WBC264-9C and JAWSII, can also support MNV-1 replication [ 16 ], RAW 264.7 cells currently represent the most widely utilized immortalized cell line for MNV studies.
To facilitate the development of MNV-1 as a model for human norovirus, it is important to establish optimized in vitro laboratory conditions for MNV-1 infection and detection, including testing and identifying other hematopoietic cell lines for their susceptibility to MNV-1. This study describes a comparative test and evaluation of four readily available cell lines of hematopoietic lineage, including murine-derived microglial BV-2