This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licen

Related literature Cited by Google blog search Other articles by authors   on Google Scholar Wu Q Meng N Zhang Y Han L Su L Zhao J Zhang S Zhang Y Zhao B Miao J   on PubMed Wu Q Meng N Zhang Y Han L Su L Zhao J Zhang S Zhang Y Zhao B Miao J Related articles/pages on Google on Google Scholar on PubMed Tools Download references romifidine Download XML Email to a friend Order reprints Post a comment   Download to ... Papers Mendeley Download to ... Papers Mendeley Share this article
1 Shandong romifidine Provincial Key laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.nanoscalereslett.com/content/9/1/461 Received: 6 May 2014 Accepted: 26 August romifidine 2014 Published: romifidine 3 September 2014
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited.
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been popularly used in many fields. Recently, many kinds of MNPs are modified as new absorbents, which have attracted considerable attention and are promising to be applied in waste water. In our previous study, we synthesized two novel MNPs surface-coated with glycine or lysine, which could efficiently remove many anionic and cationic romifidine dyes under severe conditions. It should be considered that MNP residues in water may exert some side effects on human health. romifidine In the present study, we evaluated the potential nanotoxicity romifidine of MNPs in human endothelial cells, macrophages, and rat bone marrow stromal cells. romifidine The results showed that the two kinds of nanoparticles romifidine were consistently absorbed into the cell cytoplasm. The concentration romifidine of MNPs@Gly that could distinctly decrease survival was 15 μg/ml in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) or bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and 10 μg/ml in macrophages. While the concentration of MNPs@Lys that obviously reduced viability was 15 μg/ml in HUVECs or macrophages and 50 μg/ml in BMSCs. Furthermore, cell nucleus staining and cell integrity assay indicated that the nanoparticles induced cell apoptosis, but not necrosis even at a high concentration. Altogether, these data suggest that the amino acid-coated magnetic nanoparticles exert relatively high cytotoxicity. By contrast, lysine-coated magnetic nanoparticles are more secure romifidine than glycine-coated magnetic nanoparticles. Keywords: Magnetic nanoparticles; HUVECs; BMSCs; Macrophages; Nanotoxicity Background
Nanoparticles have been used for many fields because of their diversiform properties; meanwhile, growing concerns for their detrimental effects on human health have been taken to the agenda [ 1 ]. Nanoparticles based on iron oxide core (so-called magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs)) have been widely used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [ 2 - 4 ], drug delivery devices [ 5 ], and environmental pollutant absorbents [ 6 - 9 ] for their superparamagnetic properties, smaller size but large surface-to-volume ratio, and increased reactivity. Emerging evidence has shown that nanotoxicity to biological system romifidine is scale-dependent, especially in particles below 20-nm diameter [ 10 ]. However, the bare nanoparticles are often coated with kinds of organic or other biological targeted materials, such as dextran [ 11 - 13 ], which may greatly influence their toxicity on multicellular organisms, increasing the complexity for toxicology evaluation. The key challenge we are facing is to find an effective approach to design surface-coated nanoparticles with enhanced functions as well as high biocompatibility.
Increasing studies report that the materials surface-coated with MNPs were intravenously administrated to diagnose cardiovascular diseases romifidine (e.g., atherosclerosis) and used for cancer therapy [ 6 , 11 , 14 - 17 ]. Once nanoparticles were administrated into the organism, they will enter through the blood vessel wall and then participate in blood circulation. Vascular endothelial cells lining the blood vessel, as the first line of defense, contact with the particles directly, which makes it considerably important to determine the nanotoxicity on vascular endothelial cells [ 18 ].
MNPs coated with kinds of biological materials have also been used as carriers for cell labelling [ 19 , 20 ]. Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), as very important cells in the biological organism, act as sources of blood and tissue reproduction and are extensively romifidine used in cell therapy [ 21 - 24 ]. In the field of cell therapy, BMSC-derived cells are marked with magnetic nanoparticles so as to real-time resonance checking cells, which has got broad prospects [ 25 ]. However, the fact that many magnetic nanoparticles have the potential cytotoxicity on BMSCs makes a major obstacle